[time-nuts] Effects of filter delay
Dr Bruce Griffiths
bruce.griffiths at xtra.co.nz
Sun Dec 24 13:19:31 UTC 2006
Dr Bruce Griffiths wrote:
> SAIDJACK at aol.com wrote:
>
>>
>> In a message dated 12/23/2006 15:17:33 Pacific Standard Time,
>> bruce.griffiths at xtra.co.nz writes:
>>
>> The FIR filter used in some GPSDOCXOs is not the optimum prefilter for
>> the control loop.
>> An exponential averaging (IIR) filter is better.
>> However an FIR filter has the advantage of being easy to do and FIR
>> filters are not subject to limit cycle oscillations due to roundoff
>> error that plague some IIR filters.
>> There is a maximum prefilter delay that can be used (for a particular
>> loop time constant) before the control loop becomes unstable.
>> The prefilter output is typically further processed (in a second order
>> loop) by a Proportional + Integral feedback stage whose output controls
>> the OCXO frequency via a ADC connected to the OCXO efc input. Even
>> better performance is achievable with a third order loop containing 2
>> cascaded integrators, however stabilising the loop can be more difficult.
>>
>> Bruce
>>
>>
>> Hi Bruce,
>>
>> surely you mean "DAC" driving the OCXO EFC :)
>>
>> There are several problems with PI(D) controllers: the Temperature
>> coefficients of the OCXO's are not corrected well, they are only corrected after the
>> fact (after generating an error in the output frequency that can be sensed and
>> corrected by the PI loop). Also, aging must be taken into account,
>> especially for hold-over periods. So by the time the PI loop senses some offset, the
>> frequency may have, and is in the process of drifting quite significantly.
>>
>> The best temperature correction is done by using the sensor inside the OCXO
>> that controls the oven, using this to store the required DAC settings for a
>> given temperature over long periods of time, correcting for aging, then
>> calculating the DAC offset versus temperature by linear interpolation etc. There
>> are ways to sense the OCXO internal temperature very accurately without having
>> access to the actual heater circuitry :)
>>
>> Appearantly Kallmann filters are the best predictors for Temperature
>> coefficients etc.
>>
>> Does anybody have any information of the performance of PID controlers
>> compared to simpler PI controllers (not doing the differential part)?
>>
>> bye,
>> Said
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
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>>
>>
> Said
>
> Yes I though DAC and typed ADC, I really should proof read a little more
> carefully.
>
> Even with predictive filters one still needs a feedback loop to correct
> prediction errors.
> A PII loop will correct linear frequency drift.
>
> Surely frequency ~ rate of change of phase so a PID filter in a phase
> lock loop just adds a frequency term to the PI loop.
>
> A properly designed PID loop should reduce overshoot in response to
> phase error steps, such as when initially closing the loop.
>
> Bruce
>
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>
Said
I should have stated that it is also necessary (among other things) to
compensate for the heater circuit nonlinearity if one wishes to minimise
the oven startup overshoot.
The power in a resistive heater is I^2 R or V^2 /R so if one is
controlling the heater voltage (or current) one should take the square
root of the control output before applying it to the heater. A PWM
heater is a linear system but tends to add unwanted noise. It is also
possible to produce a linear heater system using the dissipation in
power transistors but this technique has the disadvantage that it is
difficult to distribute the heat optimally.
Bruce
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