No subject

Microwave Corporation:

  https://synergymwave.com/articles/2013/04/full_article.pdf

"There is an optimum condition and some of the  measurements showing
-190dBc/Hz do  not seem to match the  theoretical  calculations. The
correlation allows  us to look below KT, but the  noise contribution
below KT is as useful as finding one gold atom in your body's blood.
This gold atom has no contribution to your system."

This is not accurate or complete.

1. The  human body is composed of many elements. One  of  the lesser
know elements is actually Gold. An average person's body weighing 70
kilograms would contain a total mass of 0.2 milligrams of gold.

Gold plays  a  vital role in health and maintenance  of  the joints.
Also, being  a good conductor of electricity, it  actually  helps in
transmitting electrical signals throughout the body.  (including the
brain - MRM)

 
https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/gold-body-345917-2016-10-10

2. The Atomic weight of the Gold (Au) is = 196.97 (197g apprx.)

The Avogadro's number in one mole are = 6.022X10^23

That means 6.022X10^23 atoms weigh 196.97 g.

1.0 g/ 196.97 g = 0.0051 mol

So the number of atoms in one gram of gold are:

0.0051 x 6.022X10^23 = 3.057318373 x 10^21

  https://brainly.in/question/6453418

3. 0.2 milligrams of gold is

3.05e21 * 0.0002 = 6.1e+17 atoms

This is  a  very large number, but we can break it  down  to  a more
manageable number.

The average  human has a mass of about 62 kg, or 62,000  grams. That
means the  average  volume of a human is  62,000  cubic centimeters,
ignoring the weight of bones. So each cubic centimeter contains

62e3/6.1e17 = 1.016e-13 atoms of gold

This is 10,160,000,000,000 atoms per cubic centimeter. So you have a
very good chance of finding an atom of gold in your body. And  it is
vital to your health.

4. Here is a brief explanation of how cross-correlation works:
"Understanding Phase Noise - the Cross Correlation Method"

  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sf7qiysPFbQ	

5. The  benefit  of cross-correlation depends on  how  long  you are
willing to wait. My recent quote of -220dBc/Hz was unrealistic. I do
not know  where  I found that figure, but I will now  set  the story
straight. From

"TSP #162   Tutorial   on   Theory,   Characterization  & Measurement
Techniques of Phase Noise"

  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOHjFtw0sgo

each 5db  of improvement requires an order of magnitude  increase in
the number of correlations.

dB      5       10      15      20      25      30      35      40
N       10      100     1000    1E4     1E5     1E6     1e7     1e8

So going from -180dBc/Hz to 220dBc/Hz would require 1e8 correlations.

6. Nobody would wait that long. But how many correlations do you need?

A commonly accepted figure is your measurement noise floor has to be
at least  10 dB below the noise you are trying to measure.  We could
pad that by 5 db, which would require

15 / 5 = 3
1e3 = 1000 correlations. That is not too bad.

7. It  is  interesting  to note the  Holsworth  HA7062C  Phase Noise
Analyzer goes  to   a   maximum   of   1024  cross-correlations. 100
correlations (-10dB) takes 7 min, 9s at 10 MHz.

  https://holzworth.com/Portals/0/HA7062C_Web_Datasheet.pdf

8. Finally, "Frequency Signal Source's PN (Phase Noise) Measurements
Challenges and  Uncertainty",  by  Ulrich L.  Rohde,  has  some very
important information on cross-correlation errors. This file is at

  https://www.mrmonett.com/pdfs/2015-IFCS-Rohde-Oscillator-noise.pdf