[time-nuts] Practical considerations making a lab standard with an LTE lite

[Brooke Clarke]

Hi Jim:

It turns out that ground water that's being pumped is very similar to pumping oil.  It's a limited resource.
There's a web page showing the GRACE satellite maps of California and that we are running out of ground water.
This isn't the page, but gives the idea:
http://www.cnyo.org/2014/08/19/nasa-space-place-droughts-floods-and-the-earths-gravity-by-the-grace-of-nasa/

So depending on ground water as a stable heat sink may no longer be an option as wells go dry.
It's been many years since the local water company has quit installing new meters.

Mail_Attachment --
Have Fun,

Brooke Clarke
http://www.PRC68.com
http://www.end2partygovernment.com/2012Issues.html
http://www.prc68.com/I/DietNutrition.html
Jim Lux wrote:
> On 11/23/14, 11:15 AM, Alex Pummer wrote:
>> by us  in central California, we get 1kW/h square meter average around
>> the year, the south even more, el Cajon will have today +29C° in the
>> afternoon  as of 23 of November 2014
>
> I suspect more like the insolation peaks at 1kW/square meter or a bit more, the average over a day is somewhat less. 
> At JPL we have a weather station on line that displays this and I don't recall seeing significantly more than 1000 W/m2.
>
>
> The nominal average 1.362 kW/sq meter at solar max is at the top of the atmosphere, and is normal to the incidence.
>
> The surface insolation at the equator when the sun is directly overhead  is about 1.04 kW/sq meter.
>
> I think you'd get pretty close to that at solar noon in the Summer in Southern California, which is 32-34 degrees 
> latitude, so at the solstice, the zenith angle is 10 degrees, and cos(10) is pretty close to 1.
>
> You do pick up some additional insolation from diffuse and scattered radiation from clouds or haze, but I'm not sure 
> that makes up for the attenuation due to the same haze.
>
> Some time ago, I calculated that in Los Angeles (34 degrees latitude), a horizontal flat plate gets about 8-9 
> kWh/m2/day in summer and about 1-2 kWh/m2/day in winter..   Tilting the collector would help a lot in the winter 
> (Zenith angle is 56 degrees instead of 10), but there's no making up for the short days.
>
>
> Getting back to the time-nuts aspects, there are some charts around that show the temperature variation as a function 
> of depth, latitude, soil and season.  I know that for DSN, they went through all kinds of gyrations to calculate (and 
> measure) this for the optical fiber timing links between the antennas and the masers. For small dissipated power (I 
> doubt your oscillator is going to be putting kilowatts into the soil) you don't have to go very deep (single digit 
> meters) before the diurnal variation is down in the 0.1 degree or smaller.  Annual variations are bigger.
>
> http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Cooling/EarthTemperatures.htm
> has a bunch of charts for some unknown latitude (probably mid Atlantic states, since the data is from Virginia Tech).  
> They appear to use well water temperatures as the measurement technique.
>
> A bit more googling found a paper by one G. Florides that refers to the Kasuda formula.. (the link is hard to cut and 
> paste.. I'm sure if you google "Florides soil temperature" you'll find it)
>
> and gives this reference
> Kasuda, T., and Archenbach, P.R. "Earth Temperature and Thermal Diffusivity at Selected Stations in the United 
> States", ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 71, Part 1, 1965.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>>> Horizontal ground heat means that you are harvesting sunshine
>>> accumulated in the top one meter of the soil.  Much of the energy
>>> is harvested from freezing the water around the pipe thus pulling
>>> out the relatively high melting energy of water.
>>>
>
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