[time-nuts] WWVB Translation/Simulation from GPS Data
Adrian Godwin
artgodwin at gmail.com
Wed Sep 5 20:02:09 UTC 2018
Could you couple the 60kHz signal into the power line ?
It should conveniently pass around most of the house and some ferrite rings
on the incoming mains minimise what goes outside your premises.
On Wed, Sep 5, 2018 at 5:38 PM, Andy Backus <ANDREWBACKUS at msn.com> wrote:
> I have taken a similar approach to Wayne's.
>
>
> When WWVB blinks off my plan is to have a single GPS receiver in the house
> with a good antenna and to distribute from it a digital signal that will
> key little 60 kHz units for each clock.
>
>
> Attached is source code (well commented) for an Adafruit GPS module and
> Arduino processor to do that.
>
>
> The protocol for bits 57 and 58 is this: 57 goes on 24 hours before DST
> comes on and 58 goes on at 0000 hrs (GMT) on the day of the change. They
> both stay on until DST is to go off, then 57 goes off 24 hours before the
> change and 58 goes off on the day of.
>
>
> Andy Backus
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: time-nuts <time-nuts-bounces at lists.febo.com> on behalf of Wayne
> Holder <wayne.holder at gmail.com>
> Sent: Wednesday, September 5, 2018 3:01 AM
> To: Discussion of precise time and frequency measurement
> Subject: Re: [time-nuts] WWVB Signal Generator
>
> I've reworked my WWVB Simulator so it can now run on a slightly modified,
> 328-based Arduino (swapped in a 16.36 MHz crystal for the standard 16 MHz.)
> The new code is also now using a GPS module to set the time from the
> GPS $GPRMC message and my BALDR clock just syncs up nicely. I used a
> GlobalTopGPS module (similar to the one used in this Adafruit GPS module
> <https://www.adafruit.com/product/746>) but, with minor changes, it should
>
> work with any GPS module. The main change needed is configuring the
> message used to set the module to only send $GPRMC messages (at a 1 second
> interval) and suppress the others NMEA messages.
>
> The last step is to to set the DST status bits (57 and 58) in the WWVB
> message, but I'm little bit confused as to when to precisely set these
> bits. For reference, the the Java code (below) that I used to prototype
> and test the algorithms before converting to C. The code computes the
> starting day of year and ending day of year and the idea is to use these
> two DOY values to control to setting bits 57 and 58. But, it's unclear to
> me if I should set starting and ending state (code 2 and 1, respectively)
> on the Sunday of the change or on the days before and after this date? Or,
> are the starting and ending states set on Sunday and the other states on
> the following Mondays? I'm confused.
>
> Wayne
>
> public class DaylightSavings {
> private static final int daysToMonth[][] = {
> { 0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334 },
> { 0, 31, 60, 91, 121, 152, 182, 213, 244, 274, 305, 335 },
> };
> private static final int MARCH = 3;
> private static final int NOVEMBER = 11;
>
> /*
> * Compute state and end of Daylight Savings time for specified 4 digit
> year
> * DST Starts the 2nd Sunday of March at 2:00 AM
> * DST Ends the first Sunday of November at 1:00 AM
> */
>
> public static void main (String[] args) {
> int year = 2018;
> int start = getNthSundayOfMonth(2, MARCH, year); //
> Get 2nd Sunday of March
> int end = getNthSundayOfMonth(1, NOVEMBER, year); //
> Get 1st Sunday of November
> int startDoy = getDayOfYear(start, MARCH, isLeapYear(year));
> int endDoy = getDayOfYear(end, NOVEMBER, isLeapYear(year));
> System.out.println("DST starts: " + MARCH + "/" + start + "/" +
> year + " (Day of Year: " + startDoy + ") ");
> System.out.println("DST ends: " + NOVEMBER + "/" + end + "/" +
> year + " (Day of Year: " + endDoy + ")");
> }
>
> private static int getNthSundayOfMonth (int sundays, int month, int
> year) {
> for (int day = 1; day < 15; day++) {
> if (getDayOfWeek(month, day, year) == 2) {
> if (--sundays == 0) {
> return day;
> }
> }
> }
> // Should never get here
> return 0;
> }
>
> private static int getDayOfYear (int day, int month, boolean leapYear) {
> return daysToMonth[leapYear ? 1 : 0][month - 1] + day;
> }
>
> private static boolean isLeapYear (int year) {
> return year % 4 == 0 && (year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0);
> }
>
> /**
> * Compute Day Of Week (1-7) using Zeller's Method
> * @param month (1-12)
> * @param day (1-n)
> * @param year 4 digit year
> * @return day of week (1 = Sat, 2 = Su, 3 = Mon, 4 = Tue, 5 = Wed,
> 6 = Thr, 7 = Fri
> */
> private static int getDayOfWeek ( int month, int day, int year) {
> int cen = year / 100;
> year = year % 100;
> if (month == 1) {
> month = 13;
> year--;
> } else if (month == 2) {
> month = 14;
> year--;
> }
> return (day + 13 * (month + 1) / 5 + year + year / 4 + cen / 4 + 5
> * cen) % 7 + 1;
> }
> }
>
>
> On Sat, Sep 1, 2018 at 5:14 PM Wayne Holder <wayne.holder at gmail.com>
> wrote:
>
> > My 15.36 MHz crystals arrived and using one to replace the 8 MHz crystal
> > seems to, again, improve the ability of the BALDR clock to lock onto and
> > decode the signal. It now reliably syncs if the clock is within 6-7
> inches
> > of the tuned, ferrite rod antenna (still just wrapping the wire around
> the
> > rod.) With just a loose, wire antenna, the clock syncs if the antenna is
> > with 2-3 inches of the clock, which is also an improvement.
> >
> > I'm also starting to work on moving the code over to an Arduino using an
> > old Duemilanove board I had lying around, as ithe crystal it uses is a
> > standard, HC-49 package, which makes it easer to replace than the surface
> > mount crystals used on modern Arduino boards (you can also get a cheap
> clone
> > of the Duemilanove on eBay
> > <https://www.ebay.com/itm/Duemilanove-USB-Board-2009-
> ATMega328P-PU-Microcontroller-Compatible-With-Arduino/182256700970> for
> > about $6 + shipping.) And, as near as I can tell, 15.36 MHz is close
> > enough to 16 MHz that I didn't have to modify the boot loader and uploads
> > seem to work ok. Just swap the crystal and go. So, that's one less
> thing
> > to worry about.
> >
> > Wayne
> >
> > On Thu, Aug 30, 2018 at 8:04 PM paul swed <paulswedb at gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> >> Wayne very good progress. You can actually feed the loop coild that
> exists
> >> with the cap it should resonate.
> >> Thats my plan at least.
> >> Regards
> >> Paul
> >> WB8TSL
> >>
> >> On Thu, Aug 30, 2018 at 9:44 PM, Wayne Holder <wayne.holder at gmail.com>
> >> wrote:
> >>
> >> > I've had some luck improving things with my ATTiny85-based WWVB
> >> Simulator
> >> > design by replacing the crappy, 8 MHz internal oscillator with an 8
> MHz
> >> > crystal and removing the tweaked timer values I had previously used.
> In
> >> > addition, based on a suggestion from Paul Swed, I tried looping the
> >> antenna
> >> > wire a few times around the ferrite rod of a WWVB receiver module I
> >> > happened to have lying around and this also greatly improved things
> (see
> >> > photo on web page at
> >> > https://sites.google.com/site/wayneholder/controlling-time). In
> fact,
> >> > with
> >> > the ferrite rod in place, the BALDR clock now syncs even when
> completely
> >> > disconnected from being grounded to the ATTiny85 and the scope.
> >> >
> >> > I've updated my web page, and the source code at the bottom of the
> page,
> >> > accordingly. BTW, the SYNC output is now moved to pin 7 and the PPS
> >> output
> >> > is currently disabled in the code. In addition, I've added some
> >> additional
> >> > info on my web page about how to compile and download the program to
> an
> >> > ATTiny85 using ATTinyCore by Spence Konde.
> >> >
> >> > I've ordered a 15.36 MHz crystal to try, as that should let the
> ATTiny85
> >> > generate a true, 60,000 Hz output but, so far, the 8 MHz crystal has
> >> helped
> >> > improve things quite a bit. In addition, I plan to do more tests on
> >> > different types of antennas in order to see if I can make things even
> >> more
> >> > reliable and stable.
> >> >
> >> > I still plan on reworking the code so it can also run on a 328-based
> >> > Arduino board but, currently, the Arduino IDE has no easy way to work
> >> with
> >> > boards that don't use a standard, 16 MHz crystal, as this frequency is
> >> used
> >> > by the serial port and, in turn, by the boot loader, so altering it
> can
> >> > break the ability to upload code. This has actually caused some
> issues
> >> for
> >> > some of my other projects, so I'm investigating how this issue might
> be
> >> > handled.
> >> >
> >> > Also, if anyone is interested in trying out other modulation schemes,
> I
> >> can
> >> > easily add a compile option t the code that will let it output a
> binary
> >> > low/high modulation signal instead of the PWM signal.
> >> >
> >> > Wayne
> >> >
> >> > On Thu, Aug 30, 2018 at 8:53 AM paul swed <paulswedb at gmail.com>
> wrote:
> >> >
> >> > > Wayne as I work through the chronverter I do know the good phase
> >> tracking
> >> > > clocks really demand on frequency behavior. As I measured its +/- .6
> >> Hz
> >> > at
> >> > > 60 KHz. I believe the cheapy wall clocks are a bit wider, but not
> >> sure as
> >> > > they are hard to actually measure. They do use a small tuning fork
> >> > crystal
> >> > > and from experience these are sharp. When I experimented with them
> >> they
> >> > > were maybe 5 Hz. Indeed the Chinese website had 25 X 60 KHz crystals
> >> for
> >> > > maybe $2.
> >> > > With respect to the antenna. My thinking is a loopstick resonated on
> >> 60
> >> > KHz
> >> > > and most likely driving it push pull or single ended. Thats 1
> >> transistor
> >> > if
> >> > > single ended as common collector if I had to guess. The reason is
> the
> >> > > micros put out a fair level of signal so its a case of upping
> current
> >> > into
> >> > > the antenna. But it really will be a bit of experimenting.
> >> > > I did look at your code and that was so nice it opened up straight
> >> into
> >> > the
> >> > > arduino IDE.
> >> > > Regards
> >> > > Paul
> >> > > WB8TSL
> >> > >
> >> > > On Thu, Aug 30, 2018 at 5:12 AM, Wayne Holder <
> wayne.holder at gmail.com
> >> >
> >> > > wrote:
> >> > >
> >> > > > For anyone trying out my ATTiny85 code, I've done some additional
> >> tests
> >> > > and
> >> > > > find that placement of the antenna near the clock is very finicky
> >> and,
> >> > so
> >> > > > far, the only way to get a reliable decode of the time in the
> clock
> >> is
> >> > by
> >> > > > using a scope to monitor the demodulated output and then moving
> the
> >> > > antenna
> >> > > > around until the demodulated signal lines up cleanly with
> modulated
> >> > > carrier
> >> > > > and there are no intra bit glitches. This can take a bit of
> >> patience,
> >> > so
> >> > > > clearly a better solution needs to be found. I've found that any
> >> type
> >> > of
> >> > > > glitch in the demodulated signal seems to prevent the clock chip
> >> from
> >> > > > decoding the time.
> >> > > >
> >> > > > It's possible the difficultly with locking onto my simulated WWVB
> >> > signal
> >> > > > may be partially due to the design of the clock (from my location
> >> it's
> >> > > > never been able to to lock onto the real WWVB signal), but I have
> no
> >> > > > reference to compare it against so, for now, I have conclude that
> >> the
> >> > > > PWM-based modulation scheme my code uses may also be suboptimal
> for
> >> > this
> >> > > > application. To make testing even more frustrating, the BALDR
> clock
> >> > I'm
> >> > > > using will only look for a signal for about 6 minutes before it
> >> goes to
> >> > > > sleep and I have to then power cycle the clock to get it to listen
> >> > again.
> >> > > >
> >> > > > So, keep this in mind if you're going to try and replicate my
> >> results.
> >> > > >
> >> > > > Wayne
> >> > > >
> >> > > > On Wed, Aug 29, 2018 at 6:03 PM Wayne Holder <
> >> wayne.holder at gmail.com>
> >> > > > wrote:
> >> > > >
> >> > > > > For those that have asked for my to publish the source code for
> my
> >> > > > > ATTiny85-based WWVB simulator, I have put up a somewhat
> hurriedly
> >> > > written
> >> > > > > page on my google site at:
> >> > > > >
> >> > > > > https://sites.google.com/site/wayneholder/controlling-time
> >> > > > >
> >> > > > > that describes a bit about how the code works, how to compile it
> >> > using
> >> > > > the
> >> > > > > Arduino IDE, how I tested it, some issues I have observed in
> >> testing
> >> > it
> >> > > > > and, at the bottom of the page, a downloadable zip file that
> >> contains
> >> > > the
> >> > > > > complete source code.
> >> > > > >
> >> > > > > Note: as mentioned at the top of this page, this is currently a
> >> work
> >> > in
> >> > > > > process, so I'm not yet going to link the article to my main
> >> website
> >> > > > page,
> >> > > > > so you'll need to link in this post to find it. Also, as draft,
> >> I'm
> >> > > > going
> >> > > > > to continue to revise the page until I feel the project is
> >> complete
> >> > > > enough
> >> > > > > to publish. That means the source code zip file is going to
> >> > > potentially
> >> > > > > change from time to time, too.
> >> > > > >
> >> > > > > Wayne
> >> > > > >
> >> > > > > On Wed, Aug 29, 2018 at 1:35 AM Wayne Holder <
> >> wayne.holder at gmail.com
> >> > >
> >> > > > > wrote:
> >> > > > >
> >> > > > >> As a follow up, I now have a simple WWVB simulator written in C
> >> > that's
> >> > > > >> now running an an ATTiny85 using nothing more than the
> internal,
> >> 8
> >> > > > >> mHz oscillator and about a 6 inch length of wire connected to
> >> one of
> >> > > the
> >> > > > >> pins as an antenna. It generates an approximate 60 kHz signal
> >> using
> >> > > > PWM on
> >> > > > >> timer 1. I tweaked the timer value a bit to correct for some
> >> > variance
> >> > > > in
> >> > > > >> the internal oscillator, but I' not even sure that was
> >> necessary, as
> >> > > my
> >> > > > >> target is just a BALDR Model B0114ST, consumer grade "Atomic"
> >> > clock.
> >> > > > >> Modulation is done by varying the duty cycle of the PWM to
> >> > approximate
> >> > > > the
> >> > > > >> -17 dBr drop on the carrier. But, again, I don't think this
> >> value
> >> > is
> >> > > > >> critical with a consumer clock chip. I tapped the demodulated
> >> > output
> >> > > > >> inside the clock and displayed it on my scope along with the
> >> > generated
> >> > > > >> signal and I got good, steady demodulation with the wire
> antenna
> >> > just
> >> > > > >> placed near clock. The next step is to connect up a GPS module
> >> and
> >> > > add
> >> > > > >> code to use it to set the time. I'm also going to change the
> >> code
> >> > to
> >> > > > use
> >> > > > >> the PPS signal from the GPS to drive the output timing rather
> >> than
> >> > the
> >> > > > test
> >> > > > >> code I have now that uses timer 0 to generate the PPS
> interrupt.
> >> > I'm
> >> > > > happy
> >> > > > >> to share details if anyone is interested.
> >> > > > >>
> >> > > > >> Wayne
> >> > > > >>
> >> > > > >>
> >> > > > >>
> >> > > > >> On Sun, Aug 26, 2018 at 2:51 PM, paul swed <
> paulswedb at gmail.com>
> >> > > wrote:
> >> > > > >>
> >> > > > >>> That would be a great neighbor to have but I can tell you
> around
> >> > here
> >> > > > its
> >> > > > >>> the phone. Not to concerned about someone putting up a wwvb
> >> > > > replacement.
> >> > > > >>> And I can always up the power. Chickle.
> >> > > > >>> Regards
> >> > > > >>> Paul
> >> > > > >>>
> >> > > > >>> On Sun, Aug 26, 2018 at 2:34 PM, Bob kb8tq <kb8tq at n1k.org>
> >> wrote:
> >> > > > >>>
> >> > > > >>> > Hi
> >> > > > >>> >
> >> > > > >>> > The gotcha is if you have neighbors two or three doors away
> >> that
> >> > > > *also*
> >> > > > >>> > put up one of
> >> > > > >>> > these devices. You then have a real problem with the
> >> neighbor(s)
> >> > in
> >> > > > the
> >> > > > >>> > middle. The
> >> > > > >>> > wavelength is long enough that Raleigh issues won’t get you.
> >> You
> >> > > > still
> >> > > > >>> > have the two
> >> > > > >>> > signals ( at slightly different frequencies) beating against
> >> each
> >> > > > >>> other.
> >> > > > >>> > The result is
> >> > > > >>> > going to show up as who knows what to this or that receiver.
> >> > With a
> >> > > > >>> > precision receiver,
> >> > > > >>> > you might even have issues from the guy two houses away …...
> >> > > > >>> >
> >> > > > >>> > Bob
> >> > > > >>> >
> >> > > > >>> > > On Aug 26, 2018, at 1:08 PM, paul swed <
> paulswedb at gmail.com
> >> >
> >> > > > wrote:
> >> > > > >>> > >
> >> > > > >>> > > Agree with the conversation. With respect to neighbors
> when
> >> the
> >> > > day
> >> > > > >>> comes
> >> > > > >>> > > they may ask you to boost your signal. :-)
> >> > > > >>> > > Granted maybe the day won't come but at least having your
> >> local
> >> > > > >>> clocks
> >> > > > >>> > work
> >> > > > >>> > > is nice.
> >> > > > >>> > > Regards
> >> > > > >>> > > Paul
> >> > > > >>> > > WB8TSL
> >> > > > >>> > >
> >> > > > >>> > > On Sat, Aug 25, 2018 at 10:29 PM, Dana Whitlow <
> >> > > > >>> k8yumdoober at gmail.com>
> >> > > > >>> > > wrote:
> >> > > > >>> > >
> >> > > > >>> > >> With the watch being physically close to the faux WWVB
> >> > > > >>> "transmitter",
> >> > > > >>> > one
> >> > > > >>> > >> is in
> >> > > > >>> > >> the so-called "near field" regime, where the field
> strength
> >> > > (V/m)
> >> > > > >>> falls
> >> > > > >>> > as
> >> > > > >>> > >> the inverse
> >> > > > >>> > >> cube of the distance. If one is putting the watch, say,
> >> > within
> >> > > a
> >> > > > >>> few
> >> > > > >>> > >> inches of the
> >> > > > >>> > >> transmitter, reliable reception should be available yet
> the
> >> > > signal
> >> > > > >>> > should
> >> > > > >>> > >> be literally
> >> > > > >>> > >> undetectable by any practical receiving device more than
> a
> >> few
> >> > > > feet
> >> > > > >>> > away.
> >> > > > >>> > >> Hence,
> >> > > > >>> > >> meeting the FCC field strength limit should be trivial.if
> >> the
> >> > > > >>> device is
> >> > > > >>> > >> used as pictured.
> >> > > > >>> > >> However, if one cranks up the power enough to reliably
> >> cover
> >> > > one's
> >> > > > >>> > entire
> >> > > > >>> > >> house,
> >> > > > >>> > >> then there might be a problem depending how close the
> >> nearest
> >> > > > >>> neighbor
> >> > > > >>> > >> lives,
> >> > > > >>> > >> even at levels well within the FCC limit he quotes.
> >> > > > >>> > >>
> >> > > > >>> > >> Taking the near field relationship in hand, 40 uV/m at
> 300m
> >> > > would
> >> > > > >>> > translate
> >> > > > >>> > >> into
> >> > > > >>> > >> a whopping 0.135 V/m at 20 meters range, more than enough
> >> to
> >> > > feed
> >> > > > >>> most
> >> > > > >>> > >> peoples'
> >> > > > >>> > >> entire house. So the pragmatic issue would again be-
> >> > neighbors.
> >> > > > >>> On the
> >> > > > >>> > >> other
> >> > > > >>> > >> hand, most of them would never be aware of the local
> >> signal as
> >> > > > long
> >> > > > >>> as
> >> > > > >>> > they
> >> > > > >>> > >> get good
> >> > > > >>> > >> time settings, unless they live close enough to Ft.
> Collins
> >> > for
> >> > > > the
> >> > > > >>> two
> >> > > > >>> > >> signals to
> >> > > > >>> > >> contend with each other.
> >> > > > >>> > >>
> >> > > > >>> > >> It looks to me like the ferrite rod antenna is
> considerable
> >> > > > >>> overkill.
> >> > > > >>> > Even
> >> > > > >>> > >> with no
> >> > > > >>> > >> purposeful antenna I'd expect leakage to yield sufficient
> >> > signal
> >> > > > >>> for at
> >> > > > >>> > >> least a few
> >> > > > >>> > >> inches.
> >> > > > >>> > >>
> >> > > > >>> > >> Dana
> >> > > > >>> > >>
> >> > > > >>> > >>
> >> > > > >>> > >> On Sat, Aug 25, 2018 at 8:11 PM Wayne Holder <
> >> > > > >>> wayne.holder at gmail.com>
> >> > > > >>> > >> wrote:
> >> > > > >>> > >>
> >> > > > >>> > >>> This guy has what looks like a well thought out design
> >> using
> >> > a
> >> > > > >>> > Sirf-Based
> >> > > > >>> > >>> GPS and ATTiny44A chip to generate a signal to update
> his
> >> > > watch:
> >> > > > >>> > >>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>> https://www.anishathalye.com/2016/12/26/micro-wwvb/
> >> > > > >>> > >>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>> Unfortunately, he doesn't seem to have published a
> >> schematic
> >> > or
> >> > > > his
> >> > > > >>> > >> source
> >> > > > >>> > >>> code. But, he covers enough detail that I think it
> >> wouldn't
> >> > be
> >> > > > too
> >> > > > >>> > hard
> >> > > > >>> > >> to
> >> > > > >>> > >>> replicate what he's done. Or, perhaps he would disclose
> >> > these
> >> > > > >>> details
> >> > > > >>> > if
> >> > > > >>> > >>> contacted.
> >> > > > >>> > >>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>> Wayne
> >> > > > >>> > >>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>> On Sat, Aug 25, 2018 at 4:33 AM, D. Resor <
> >> > > > organlists at pacbell.net>
> >> > > > >>> > >> wrote:
> >> > > > >>> > >>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> I thought I would search in a different way for a WWVB
> >> > signal
> >> > > > >>> > generator
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> design. I found this item. While the designer
> explains
> >> it
> >> > > > isn't
> >> > > > >>> as
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> accurate as WWVB it may be another starting point.
> >> > > > >>> > >>>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> http://www.tauntek.com/wwvbgen-low-cost-wwvb-time-
> >> > > > >>> > signal-generator.htm
> >> > > > >>> > >>>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> Donald R. Resor Jr. T. W. & T. C. Svc. Co.
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> http://hammondorganservice.com
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> Hammond USA warranty service
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> "Most people don't have a sense of humor. They think
> they
> >> > do,
> >> > > > but
> >> > > > >>> they
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> don't." --Jonathan Winters
> >> > > > >>> > >>>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> _______________________________________________
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> time-nuts mailing list -- time-nuts at lists.febo.com
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> To unsubscribe, go to http://lists.febo.com/mailman/
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> listinfo/time-nuts_lists.febo.com
> >> > > > >>> > >>>> and follow the instructions there.
> >> > > > >>> > >>>>
> >> > > > >>> > >>> _______________________________________________
> >> > > > >>> > >>> time-nuts mailing list -- time-nuts at lists.febo.com
> >> > > > >>> > >>> To unsubscribe, go to
> >> > > > >>> > >>>
> >> > > http://lists.febo.com/mailman/listinfo/time-nuts_lists.febo.com
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> >> > > > >>> > >>>
> >> > > > >>> > >> _______________________________________________
> >> > > > >>> > >> time-nuts mailing list -- time-nuts at lists.febo.com
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> >> > > > >>> > >>
> >> > > > >>> > > _______________________________________________
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